Who has the power to declare war?

The power to declare war is vested in Congress according to the U.S. Constitution. Article I, Section 8 expressly grants Congress the authority to declare war, which reflects the framers' intention to ensure that such a significant decision would involve the broader representation of the populace, rather than being placed solely in the hands of a single individual.

While the President serves as the Commander in Chief of the armed forces and has the ability to direct military operations and respond to immediate threats, any formal declaration of war requires Congressional action. This system creates a balance of power between the legislative and executive branches, preventing either from unilaterally engaging the country in prolonged conflicts without the input of the others.

The other choices highlight key positions within the government but do not hold the constitutional authority to declare war. The Supreme Court's role is primarily to interpret the law and the Constitution rather than engage in military decisions, while the Secretary of Defense is a member of the President's Cabinet and aids in defense policy and military matters, but lacks the power to declare war.