Which principle outlines the division of powers between federal and state governments?

The principle that outlines the division of powers between federal and state governments is federalism. Federalism refers to a system of governance in which power is divided and shared between a central authority and various regional entities, allowing each level of government to operate independently within its own sphere of authority.

In the United States, this principle is embodied in the Constitution, which delineates specific powers to the federal government while reserving other powers for the states. For instance, the federal government has the authority to regulate interstate commerce and conduct foreign affairs, while states have the power to manage local issues such as education and law enforcement. This structure not only promotes a balance of power but also allows for a more localized governance that can address the specific needs of its citizens.

The other options, while important concepts in the context of U.S. governance, do not specifically address the division of powers between federal and state governments. Separation of powers deals with the distribution of power among the branches of government at the federal level—executive, legislative, and judicial. Checks and balances refer to the mechanisms through which each branch can monitor and limit the powers of the others to prevent abuse. Judicial review is the principle that allows courts to evaluate the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions, not the